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Universal Converter

electricity

electricity

Grid electricity is not a combustible material: it has no density or heating value, so mass and volume conversions simply do not apply (unlike a genuine data gap, which we mark 'not available'). '1 kWh of electricity' converts as pure energy (into kWh, MJ, BTU, etc., using exact SI conversions). We do not show a CO₂e figure until you choose a region and year, because grid carbon intensity depends on the country, the year, and even the time of day. The region/year figures shown (UK 2025, EU-27 2023, EU-27 2022) are illustrative examples, not global defaults — both EU years are shown together on purpose, to make clear how much grid intensity changes from year to year.

  • Grid electricity CO2e has no single correct global factor — it depends on the country/region, the year, and even the time of day. Pick a region and year for a real figure; the values shown without one are illustrative examples only, not defaults.
  • Illustrative region+year electricity factors are generation-only / location-based (see each factor's own uncertainty note) and are not updated in real time.

Density

Not available.

Heating values

Not available.

Emission factors

CO₂ ≠ CO₂e — separate metrics, never converted into one another. What these metrics mean →

Worked example: 1 kWh electricity converted to every unit
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Converting
1 kWh · electricity

Conversion results

Energy

Same energy expressed in other units.

exact every figure below unless marked
1 kWh
3,600,000 J
3,600 kJ
3.6 MJ
0.0036 GJ
0.001 MWh
~3,412.14 BTU
standard definition

Fuel equivalents

Convention-defined energy-equivalence units (toe, boe, tce).

standard definition every figure below
~0.0000859845 toe
~0.0005883 boe
~0.000122835 tce

Industrial units

therm, MMBTU, quad.

standard definition every figure below
~0.0341214 therm
~0.00341214 MMBTU
~0.00000000000341214 quad

Emissions — context required

CO₂ and CO₂e are separate — never derived from each other.

Context required
context required

Grid electricity CO2/CO2e intensity depends on the country/region, the year, and even the time of day — there is no single correct global factor. Pick a region and year.

Illustrative examples — not a default
  • UK 2025 CO₂e 177 gCO₂e/kWh
  • EU-27 2023 CO₂ 242 gCO₂/kWh
  • EU-27 2022 CO₂ 292 gCO₂/kWh
  • US 2023 CO₂ 347.996066264 gCO₂/kWh
  • US 2023 CO₂e 349.674358033 gCO₂e/kWh

Sources

Follow each source back to its primary document — that traceability is the point. How conversions work →

Sources

Learn more

CO₂ vs CO₂e CO₂ is only carbon dioxide; CO₂e bundles other greenhouse gases by their warming potential. There is no conversion between them.Why electricity emissions depend on region and year A kWh of grid electricity has no single carbon factor — it depends on the country, the year and even the time of day.